Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1033 Words

Emily Poynter Ms. Stowers Comp 101 1 May 2015 Marijuana and Children Marijuana is commonly used by high school teenagers to reach a high, but marijuana is now being used to help people with chronic illnesses. Medical marijuana can dramatically increase the ease of life for children with autism, epilepsy, and cancer. With many states legalizing either the medical use or the recreational use of marijuana, parents are seeking way to treat their children with marijuana. Medical marijuana assists children with autism. In the case of 10 year old Joey, his mother had tried almost everything she could think of to help her son with his autism, but nothing worked as well as medical marijuana Joey is administered a dose of marijuana every†¦show more content†¦With the help of medical marijuana, more autistic children will be able to lead an almost normal life where they are less susceptible to their autistic symptoms. Medical marijuana also has the capability of helping children with any form of epilepsy. Parents with epileptic children are discovering that the non-psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, commonly referred to as CBD, is decreasing the amount of seizures their child has. With the deduction in seizures, said children are developing normally. When a child is diagnosed with a syndrome that can cause seizures, it is not uncommon for the child to stop developing and even deteriorate to a prior state of development. Charlotte Figi, who was diagnosed with Dravet syndrome at six months of age, was experiencing 300 grand mal seizures a week, but after ingesting a form of marijuana low in Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, she is experiencing only 7 a week. Charlotte’s mother, Paige, saw her daughter deteriorating away due to the Dravet diagnosis. Faced with certain death, Paige decided to research a form of marijuana low in THC but high in CBD. Paige fi rst had to persuade two doctors to prescribe Charlotte a medical marijuana card. Most of the doctors she called said no. But Dr. Margeret Gredde thought that there was no other option for Charlotte and was the first to prescribe a medical marijuana

Sleep Deprivation in Americas Students Essay - 1485 Words

Sleep Deprivation in Americas Students One of the many arising problems of America’s students is they are becoming sleep deprived. The busy daily schedules of children and teens are not allowing them to get enough sleep. â€Å"Less sleep is unhealthy especially with the new research that as teenagers move through teenage years, they need increasing amounts of sleep. Nine hours per night is the necessary amount to avoid behaviors associated with sleep deprivation† (Final Report Summary, 2001). Among other things, sleep deprivation is causing students to sleep during class instead of being awake and aware. When the students are sleeping in class, they are not retaining information being taught to them. Researchers have now proven that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In constructing the daily time-table, the first task of the teacher is to provide adequately for the constant or fundamental subjects. These should be allotted the periods of the day that are most favorable for the type of work involve d† (Monroe, 1913). All subjects’ performance rates peaked in the afternoon. â€Å"Afternoon reading instruction produced the greatest increase in reading scores as compared to morning instruction. Perhaps due to findings of this nature, †¦administering the SAT only in the morning may discriminate against some students† (School Start Time Study, 2001). In a study by Allen and Mireable (1989), â€Å"students were on average least alert at about 10:00 AM, while 50% of the students reported being most alert after 3:00 PM. Thus, most students were in school during the period they reported being least alert and were released from school at the time they were reaching their peak alertness† (School Start Time Study, 2001). Because of the fact that this research does not apply to all students, schools should administer flexible scheduling. â€Å"A schedule is a timetable of class meetings that should help to achieve the purposes of a school† (Deighton, 1971). The purpose of school is to teach the student and have them comprehend the information being given to them. â€Å"There are two fundamental types of schedules: conventional and flexible. In practice,Show MoreRelatedAdolescents Today Face A Widespread Chronic Health Problem : Sleep Deprivation1566 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescents today face a widespread chronic he alth problem: sleep deprivation. Research shows that getting enough sleep is a biological necessity. Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing, according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). 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Think back to the days of elementary school and high school, did waking up half past the crack of down wear you down throughout the school

Project Management Process in Municipality †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Process in Municipality. Answer: Introduction Apple is an American leading IT corporation that forms one the most existing profitable and social influencing companies around the globe (Zich 2014). In the year 1976, Steve Jobs came up with a computer oriented organization that later assumed the name Apple Company. The company deals with the manufacture, production, and supply of varied products starting from homes and business to entertainments sectors (Hands 2013). Due to its constant production of high-tech items, the company has gained consumers satisfaction and loyalty in the whole world. In this study, the paper reflects on the nature of the global technology business with a focus on the critical threats and opportunities as well as the perceived strengths and weaknesses that directly or indirectly affect the performance of the company. The paper as well reflects on the competitive strategies adopted by the company with a focus on innovation because there are many other global organizations such as Google Inc that offer stif f competition in the world market. The paper concludes by evaluating the possible direction the company is likely to take to remain sustainable and competitive in the next ten years of its operation. Key opportunities and threats in the current environment of the Apple Inc Although Apple Company has made it to the market share against other competitors, it faces major threats such as; aggressive potential companies, threats of substitute products, imitations and rising labor cost in other countries that host the Apple plants (Linick 2014). Many businesses tend to copy the Apple products and launch them in the market, an imitation trend that has made the company to have some numerous court cases. Such of the imitations are like the replica case of Samsung, producing a similar Apple device caused both companies to end up in a court tussle that has taken many years and caused billions of shillings. Such imitations have tried to create a bad image to Apple since many customers get disappointed when they buy and later find out that it is a counterfeit. Such disappointments always reduce the customer satisfaction hence reducing the client's loyalty to the company. Rivalry among Companies such as Samsung and LG creates a stiff competition in the market by producing cheaper products than the Apples products (Linick 2014). The low cost of the substitute products such as LG and Motorola tends to offer stiff competition to the Apples products hence reducing the sales of the company. The competition makes the Apple Company struggle to keep the pace and being the most market commander in future. Such competition always drops the sales of a company, hence may alter the market share percentage if not well addressed. Apple has launched its plants in other countries such as China that laid many policies known as Foreign Enterprises Income Tax Law to protect domestic companies, provided less preferential policies for the foreign enterprises (Schulte 2011, p. 8). The Chinese system offered a platform for piracy; this made Apple face more risks on Apple products in China. China did also charge a high rate of license on the foreign enterprises. These high fees propagated the increase of running cost of Apple firms to be greater than the income making them unstable in the local markets. Both the high degree of government charge and reduced sales tends to reduce the profit level and increase the Apples dominance in the market may not last long form such stiff competition from Samsung since the market command gap is small Apple Company has potential opportunities that determine its future. They are also known to involve various external factors such as the expansion of distribution network, increasing demand for the tablets and Smartphones, and the creation of new products (Korkeamaki Takalo 2012).The unavailability of Apples products to lower class people gives the company a better opportunity to develop new affordable products and expand its distribution network to reach the lower class. The company can achieve this through making more simplified products such as Apple watch, which is profitable to the lower class people. The move will not only expand its innovativeness but will also increase its market command with other competitive companies such as Samsung. In a systematic review, Lynch (2011) points out that this Taiwan semiconductor manufacturer a renowned Taiwan company that leads in fables semiconductors producer is believable to be the only supplier of the A1 Fusion chips used in powering the series of the smartphone on Apples current iPhone 7. The same study denotes that it is the sole manufacturer of A10XFshion chips created within the Apples newly released 12.9-inch and 10.5-inch iPad Pro models. However, it is as well expected to be the only manufacturer of the A11 Fusion processors used in powering iPhone 7s, 7+, as well as the premium OLED iPhone. With all these chances and market opportunities in the iPhone products, the company has attracted more investors who view that the company has much more opportunities to improve in the productions and distribution in the entire market making it more and stronger. In another study, Korkeamaki and Takalo (2012) denote that the company has a record of high-performance computers. Starting with its 7-nanometer generation of technology, the market for high- performance computing devices has proven to be in real growth. The company is a contract manufacturer, therefore, does not design products for specific market segments but instead develops various manufacturing technologies, an aspect that many technologists value as a marvelous canvas in the technology business. Linik (2014) also denotes that market is full of customers who are aggressively going for the high-performance products in the market such as virtual reality, deep learning accelerators, as well as data center processors among others. Apples market share has increased due to the introduction of the iPhone that had numbers of consumer electronic features. These aspects peg the total addressable market for the company between $10 billion to 11.5% in 2017, but us as well expected to grow w ith a margin of 10% annually. Perceived strengths and weaknesses of the Apple Inc Apples strengths lie on the internal strategic factors that are the high brand image, high-profit margin, and effective innovation process and strong market strategy. Apples brand is one of the most powerful and most popular in the world hence it has enjoyed high profits from a large volume of sales made per annum through strategically maintaining the premium price( Toth 2016). The constant rapid, innovative strategy of apples enables it to keep at par with the fast development of technology pushing them to launch new products into the market. The strong brand image makes the company successful in introducing many of the new products without fear of disappointing their customers. Apple App Store that offers a marketplace for the customers to buy applications for the tablets and computers, hence preventing entry of malicious applications to the products. The internal strategic factors that cause Apples weaknesses are such as limited distribution, high selling prices of the products and limited sales to the high-end market (Wright 2012, p. 90). Apple Company has an insufficient distribution network that causes by the companys restrictive policy. The same study as well denotes that the company tends to exclude some of the retailers and prefer specific ones. With that system, there is reduced distribution channel of the enterprise. Hence the products are not reachable to other people who may want to buy them. The selling strategy of the Apple Company is directed mostly to specific classes such as the upper and the middle. The approach makes the products to be more expensive than the lower class cannot afford. Therefore they experience limited customer target. Apple has always depended on the sale of iPhone that has increased in the few years to about 52% in 2015 as pointed out by Zich (2014, p. 45). Overdependence on one product makes it vulnerable to changes in the Smartphone market since its products targets only the well-off individuals and developed regions. For Apple to avoid revenue challenges in the future, it must introduce new cheap smartphones such as smart-watches and others to maintain the changing emerging economies. Competitive Analysis of the Company in the innovation perspective The apple marketing, advertising capabilities and great budget of over US$ 2 billion that has continued creating awareness of the brand have created an increase in demand (Linick 2014). The marketing and advertising strategy of not selling the products but inviting the customers to come and experience the Apple lifestyle and become the part of the iPod community have helped in catching more customers. The company has trained its staffs, not to major on selling the products rather than they should focus on building on customer relationship and trying to make their lives more enjoyable. The leadership style that has been practiced by Steve Jobs has also led it to achieve employees confidence as pointed out by Schulte (2011, p. 89). Steve Jobs ensured a strong corporate culture among all the staff, whereby they are required to be innovative, fast-paced, and committed to the tasks. Apple initially depended on the potential retail shops to distribute their products, but it opened up a store lately like in Tysons Corner (Wright 2012).The locations of most of the stores are in high-traffic positions hence able to reach to more customers hence making more sales. Evangelism of the companys products has helped it to gain more access to more customers. The companys successful evangelism from dedicated employees, retailers and potential customers has contributed to spreading the Apples good gospel to others. Hence apple was able to create what is called Mac cult to refer to loyal customers (Lynch 2011). The vertical integration of Apple Company is very efficient that can manage four separate businesses, which are hardware, software, service and retail providers with ease (Zich 2014). The single control of all the supply chains makes it more prominent since there is no other company can do that with ease. The active Apples distribution channels in the United States have earned it the market command it is enjoying currently (Hands 2013). The company has multiple distributions channels that deliver the products to customers with the shortest period possible. It has also built many retail shops and storage shops on various busy streets to ease the accessibility by clients. Apple has great indirect distribution channels like the Amazon Market that assist online purchases. For the company to achieve global market command in future, then it has to increase its stores and plants in all parts of the world. Diversity on innovation has made the company to grow to the current situation (Korkeamaki Takalo 2012, p. 9). It started by producing computers and then later diversified its innovativeness to a large number of attractive items such as iPhone the latest mobile phone. The simplicity of the Apples products has attracted so many customers more than the substitute products. The company focuses more on improving complicated items and making them easier to use. Just like it never invented the PC, the Mp3 player nor downloadable music but, Steve Jobs borrowed the ideas from companies like Sony and improved on them to simple usage methods. The direction of the Apple in the next ten years According to SWOT analysis, Apple future lies in both the external and internal factors that dictate its daily operations (Zich 2014). The external factors include political and legal, economic, socio-cultural, technological, global and demographic factors. The economic factors dictate the future by offering a wider market for its products. The company will only survive when it proves to be stronger than the competitors; this is achievable through the production of more varied price friendly products that are distributable to less economical regions. With that move, there will be an increase in both the Apple productions, sales and market coverage hence making it stronger than competitors. The socio-cultural factors keep on changing everyday as life becomes more and more digital. Since computers and phones have become part and parcel of life, their demand have increased and still continue to do so in most of the homes, government institutions, schools and even in personal life increa sing the opportunity to produce more products in the next ten years( Linick 2014). The technological increase in the globe dictates all the stake holders to update their game to meet the customers preferences. Apples capability to design customized products to customers makes it more preferable to the market with young individuals who are more conscious to colors, features, and sizes. The entry of strong competitors and existent of such companies like Samsung, Dell, HP continue making access to customers more than Apple firm (Linick 2014). The firms are providing varied and cheap products that are with features related to the Apple phones. These products are more marketable in the less economical regions hence creating a stronger market than Apples expensive products; as a result, the future market command of Apple will weaken and probably get displaced. The future solution of the Apple firm lies on diversifying their products that are less expensive and varied to strengthen its consumer electronic market. The internal factors that see the future success of Apple are like the strong management team, which has outsourced most of the manufacturing and logistical that have and are continuing to aid the success of Apples distribution of products to the potential market (Zich 2014). Another internal factor is the financial stability of the company which makes it stronger even in the competitive market. The innovation spirit of the staffs and employment of the Think Differently philosophy has enabled it to be realistic in the future market as they are producing new consumer electronic products (Schulte 2011). The focused advertising strategy of Apples firm having been productive and will continue. Apple spent a lot of money more than any competitor to build its image and reputation therefore with their financial stability they are very capable of doing everything to continue and increase what they are in the next ten years. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is evident that there is a stiff competition in the global market on technology and related innovations. It is hence necessary for every company to adopt strategies that can ensure it stands out in the market. Despite the still market competition, Apple has a significant market share, an advantage that it enjoys since it is the sole producer of various iPhone products in the global market. As a result, it has attracted more investors as well as customers who value its high performing products. List of References Hands, A, 2013, Tech Services on the Web: Apps for the IPHONE (Part One) https://www.apple.com/iphone/. Technical Services Quarterly, 31(1), pp.79-80. Korkeamaki, T. Takalo, T, 2012, Valuation of Innovation: The Case of Iphone. SSRN Electronic Journal. Linick, M, 2014, Measuring Competition: Inconsistent Definitions, Inconsistent Results. Education Policy Analysis Archives. Lynch, P, 2011, iPhone Apps for the Workplace. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 45(1), pp.10-11. Lynch, P. (2011). iPhone Apps for the Workplace. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 45(1), pp.10-11. Mohammad Arabzadan, S, 2012, Improving Project Management Process in Municipality Based on SWOT Analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(5), pp.607-612. Schulte, C, 2011, Book Review: iPhone and IOS Forensics: Investigation, Analysis and Mobile Security for Apple iPhone, iPad and IOS Devices. Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law. Tth, G, 2016, Az Apple titok, avagy mit?l szeretetmrka az Apple? = The secret of Apple, so what makes Apple a lovemark?. E-conom, V(1). Wright, A, 2012, Analyzing Apple products. Communications of the ACM, 55(1), p.27. Zich, R, 2014, Analysis of company success potential from the point of view of success-ability. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 57(6), pp.343-350.

To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships Essay Example

To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? Essay When looking at this question it is important to define what could be meant by the term relationships. What the word immediately connotes is an emotional connection between a couple. A lot of Hardys poetry concerns this type of relationship but he is by not so narrow that this is his only subject matter. However the broader definition of just any state of connectedness may also be taken into account when coming to a conclusion. Hardys most positive poem about relationships is When I Set Out For Lyonesse. It was written after a trip to Cornwall in which he met Emma Gifford who later became his wife. At the start of the poem the landscape is cold and desolate and love feels a hundred miles away. He does not describe what happened whilst he was there and he creates an aura of mystery around the Arthurian Lyonesse. The importance of Lyonesse is emphasised by its repetition within the poem. The mystery is enhanced when he proclaims that no prophet or wisest wizard could guess what would bechance at Lyonesse. He himself seems incredulous that he could find love because the outlook in the first stanza is so decidedly bleak. When he returns he is transformed by what has happened and magic is in his eyes. He has a radiance which, unlike the macrocosmical starlight, comes from within. Love is portrayed as something remote, rare and capable of bringing about a magical transformation. His relationship with Emma Gifford transforms him and this poem reflects that transformation. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is Hardys poetry dominated by relationships? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When I Set Out For Lyonesse demonstrates just one of the ways a relationship is presented. Hardys experience of relationships is a varied one. Neutral Tones and We Sat At The Window present relationships soured by apathy. In Neutral Tones the relationship has stagnated; he has become a tedious riddle to her and when they do speak it only serves to diminish their love further. The atmosphere created is bleak and stripped bare of all fertility. Even the sun is devoid of all colour and grayish leaves lie on the ground. In We Sat At The Window two silent figures stare outside into the rain. The continually falling rain is incongruous with the season but its dynamism also marks the passing of time. As the time stretches on they remain silent and Hardy remarks, wasted were two souls in their prime However, here Hardy portrays a wasted potential because they dont grasp how much they have yet to discover in each other. The relationship in Neutral Tones is decrepit; it has run its course and the only strength it has left is the strength to die. Both poems are dominated by a relationship but not in the same way that Lyonesse is. Hardy is enamoured in Lyonesse but how was he to know that, given a few years, this relationship could fade into Neutral Tones? Retrospectively we know that the state of happiness portrayed in Lyonesse did not last. Hardy lamented his treatment of Emma Gifford after her death in 1912. The poems written between 1912 and 1913 are consumed by Veteris Vestigia Flammae. His relationship with Emma Gifford is definitely the dominant theme in this collection. There is both the relationship between the two when she was alive and his relationship with the dead Emma. In The Voice his dead wife is addressed directly. Hardy hears Emma call to him and call to me is repeated throughout the poem to mimic what he hears in his mind. The metrical composition of the poem is particularly striking and onomatopoeiac. The voice of his wife coming and going in the breeze is suggested by the use of dactyls like call to me, the triple rhymes on lines one and three and the sharp truncation of lines two and four. Hardy constructs the poem to show his increasing doubts; the excitement of the first two stanzas gives way to a deep uncertain ty. He sees her in an air-blue gown, as she was in the prime of their relationship, but by the end she has dissolved into wan witlessness. Questions are asked but no response is given and so he carries on faltering forward. Like in Neutral Tones the landscape mimics the relationship; the leaves are falling and a there is a harsh norward wind. The sense of loss is acute and even at the end he hears the woman calling. In many of the 1912-1913 poems reflect the affect of Emmas death upon his perception. Particular moments are chosen to illustrate the change that has taken place. These are moments that have gained poignancy upon retrospective reflection. In The Walk Hardy juxtaposes the past with the present to try and comprehend the difference. The structure clearly juxtaposes the past against the present. When he walked up the hill in earlier days he was on his own but did not mind because he didnt think of her as left behind. He walks up the hill in the former way and sees that the surroundings are similar, so he asks the, What difference then? He replies that there is an, underlying sense Of the look of a room on returning thence The absence is not physical but metaphysical. This poem demonstrates how the loss of a loved one can affect perception. This very Joycean theme is a recurrent one, especially in the 1912-1913 poems. In Beeny Cliff Hardy looks back to a moment where his wife was present. He looks back on an idyllic clear-sunned March Day and the tone is far less emotionally removed than that of The Walk. The first three stanzas are full of colour and light-hearted joy, even though there is darkness it is only temporary and the, sun [bursts] out again After the first three stanzas Hardy shifts; March is nigh and Beeny Cliff is chasmal. This clearly illustrates his shift in perception owing to her death. This idea is again presented in The Going when, upon her death, he sees, morning harden upon the wall The Going has an immediacy that many of his other poems lack. It is Hardys first attempt to come to terms with the death of Emma and is written in the aftermath of her death. Unlike the death in After The Last Breath no sense of numb relief; unlike his mothers death Emmas death came relatively unexpected. The emotions are raw and the tone fluctuates between accusatory and remorseful. He asks why she gave no hint of her death which has altered all. He accuses Emma of indifference but then goes on to regret their lack of communication before her death. Finally at the end of the poem resigns himself to the fact that Alls past amend. He says that her death has [undone] him and he is a dead man held on end. Though their relationship before death was not particularly cordial her death has affected him deeply. Though relationships are a dominant theme in a lot of Hardys poetry they are by no means the only theme. One subject which surfaces in nearly all of his poetry is the natural world. The natural world is used as a device to reflect emotions in, what T.S Eliot called, an objective correlative. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy to illustrate the deep emotional connection he feels with nature. It could be argued that, in the broad sense of the word relationship, these poems are in fact about relationships. Hardy shows the intrinsic relationship between the human being and the natural world. In Beeny Cliff the sea is opal and sapphire when Emma is alive, reflecting Hardys happiness. After Emma has died the cliff is chasmal and is representative of the divide which separates the two. In The Waterfall nature seems to, add to the rhyme of love In Neutral Tones shows a couples apathy towards each other mirrored by the colourless autumn landscape. In Beeny Cliff the seasons are also utilised; it is a clear-sunned March day which traditionally represents a time of fertility and joy. Later on in the poem March is used ironically; he returns to Beeny Cliff on a March day but there is no longer any joy. In We Sat At The Window July the seasons are used ironically again. Even though they are two people in their prime they are wasted: even though it is July it is raining. The scene is incongruous and they are irked by it. This contrasts sharply with The Waterfall in which a moment of pure happiness takes place in the burn of August. Hardy came from a rural background and he felt an deep connection with the natural world. In Throwing A Tree Hardy shows an altruistic concern for nature. He uses an emotive lexis to describe the cutting down of a tree. The workmen are deemed executioners and his personification of the proud tree evokes pathos. At the end of the poem he laments that, Two hundred years steady growth has been ended in less than two hours The incursion of modernism into the natural world is portrayed in a brutal light. This seems an inversion of the fleeting nature of human life in the face of the longevity of nature conveyed in many of his other poems. Nature is often portrayed as a constant which Hardy looks to as a measure of human frailty. This theme really comes to its head in the 1912-13 poems; despite the death of his wife the world continues and he is reminded of his own mortality. In Beeny Cliff the waves are, engrossed in saying their ceaseless babbling say The waves move forward mechanically like time. Though the waves might have seemed far away when they were together, time has caught up with them. Time has now taken Emma to a place where she, No longer cares for Beeny and will laugh there nevermore This is also seen in At Castle Boterel. Hardy imagines that his own subjective memories can surpass the objective facts of time. However, these memories are a phantom figure which is fading as Hardys sand is sinking. When Hardy dies no record of them ever being there will remain because none will remember it, time, in its unflinching rigour, will have moved on. The rocks are primeval and have witnessed the Earths long order and will continue to do so once he is gone. Hardy is a being humbled by the idea of time. In The Waterfall he is mesmerised by the, The purl of a runlet that never ceases In stir of kingdoms, in wars, in peaces; Hardy feels sorely the ache of modernism. In many poems he reviles or tries to shun the encroaching modern world. He escapes the towns in Wessex Heights to go to a place where he can find some liberty. This is one of the dominant ideas arising from Hardys poetry and his books. The Darkling Thrush was written at the end of the 19th century and reflects his deep pessimism. Hardy is in a desolate landscape and night is approaching. He sees the, Centurys corpse outleant And with references to a crypt and the winds death-lament he seems to be at the funeral of the century. The pulse of the earth seems hard and dry and this loss of fertility is reminiscent of Neutral Tones. However this is far more macrocosmical than Neutral Tones, it is not just two lovers who are fervourless, it is, every spirit upon earth. Out of the darkness arises the thrush who sings out in joy illimited. Though the thrush is as frail and gaunt as Hardy it still shows a defiant optimism. The thrushs song causes Hardy to reflect upon his own pessimism. He looks upon terrestrial things and sees no reason for such ecstatic sounds and at the end he is unaware of such Hope. The diction in this poem is highly suggestive; the use of darkling reflects his state of mind whilst also alluding to the poem Dover Beach by Mathew Arnold about the erosion of faith in the 19th century. The morals of the 19th century trouble Hardy quite deeply. In A Sunday Morning Tragedy he tells the story of a girl who falls pregnant outside wedlock. Her lover refuses to marry her and thus, in fear of the shame that would be cast upon her, she tries to abort her baby with a potion but dies. Hardy criticises the fact that her plight is scorned in Christendie. A similar situation occurs in Tess of the DUrbervilles and Hardy remarks that her shame is, Based on nothing more tangible than a sense of condemnation under an arbitrary law of society which had no foundation in Nature. Hardy advocates the plight of women who have to bare the brunt of such shame. In the poem the girls mother declares, O women! Scourged the worst are we. One of the underlying subjects in Hardys poetry is his agnosticism. In Hap he believes his life is dictated by casualty and not by the will of god. Hardy asks for a vengeful god; his view of the world is such that, if it were to be the product of any higher power, it is a ruthless one. He believes that random chance, or hap, dictates his suffering. He explicitly links pilgrimage with pain through alliteration; he is referencing the sacrificial element of religion. Throughout the rest of the poems it is the lack of religion which remarkable. In the poems written after the death of his wife few religious references are made, this is quite unusual. . In Beeny Cliff Hardy is unsure where his wife is; the previously regular rhythm jars at -elsewhere-to illustrate Hardys uncertainty in regards to the afterlife. Some of Hardys views could be seen as quite pagan. When he describes laying his wife to rest in I Found Her Out There he uses many natural images like loamy and nest, this burial ap pears quite heathen. In Voices From Things Growing in a Churchyard he imagines the dead becoming part of nature, in the first line one of the dead declares, These flowers are I Another topic which Hardy writes about is war. In Drummer Hodge a simple country boy from Wessex has become permanently transplanted under the foreign constellations of Africa. Hodge has been fighting in the Boer and is laid to rest in a crude grave. Hodge was a somewhat derogatory term for an agricultural labourer and Hardy disliked such words. In The Man He Killed, another poem about the Boer war, Hardy remarks on the absurdity of killing someone whom, Youd treat if met where any bar is, Or help to half-a-crown. Hardys portrayal of war is more negative in Channel Firing. The noise of gunnery practice out to sea [shakes] the coffins of the dead and they think it could be Judgement-day. God informs them that all is just as before and the world is as it used to be. As an omniscient being God understands the repetitive cycle of war. In light of this cycle God says they are mad as hatters. No comfort is offered when God says its a blessed thing that for some of them it is not Judgement Day because otherwise theyd have to scour Hells floor. The poem ends with the guns firing again and the place names over which the sound can be heard are deliberate. They are three vestiges of past civilisations that inevitably fought wars as well. Hardy is not overly vitriolic in his commentary on war. For the most part he portrays its absurdity and futility but it is important to note that these poems were written before the atrocities of 1914. In the narrow sense of the word, relationships do not completely dominate Hardys poetry. They are a common subject area but relationships are not an underlying presence throughout all of his poems. The significance of relationships in his poem varies owing to contextual reasons. In the 1912-1913 poems relationships are dominant because the poems were written in the aftermath of his wifes death. Many of the poems deal with other matters such as; war, faith and the natural world. However it is wrong to think of subject matter as something which is mutually exclusive. For example relationships closely interlink with the natural world in poems such as Neutral Tones and Beeny Cliff. If the word relationship is studied in its broadest sense as a state of connectedness then relationships do indeed dominate Hardys poetry. Numerous relationships occur: the relationships between people, the relationship between people and the natural world and the relationship between man and god are just a fe w examples. Again, using this definition it could be said that all poetry is dominated by relationships. Not forgetting one of the most important relationships the relationship between the reader and the writer.